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Ancient Azerbaijan situated in Central Asia and covered the area from southeaste Caucasus till the mountain area south and south-east of the lake Urmia. Its area exceeds 200 thousand km2.
The entire Azerbaijan situates in northe hemisphere in approximately the same latitude with Spain, Greece, Turkey, China, Korea.
The strategically important roads leading from Europe to Central and Easte Asia passed through Azerbaijan.
The territory of the republic extends 400 km from north to south, and 500 km from west to east, and locates between latitude 38'25"-41'55" North and longtitude 50'-50'51" East.
The Republic situating on the junction of Europe and Asia has a unique geopolitical and geographical position and had not lost its strategical importance for economic and cultural relations.
Landscape
Azerbaijan is characterized by a diversed landscape. There are two major forms of landscape-plains and mountains.
Mountains cover 60% of the total area of the Azerbaijan republic.
The principle geomorphological structures of Azerbaijan Republic -Major Caucasus, Minor Caucasus (with Garabagh plateau) and Talysh mountains surround the Kur-Araz lowland in the north, west and south-east.
The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic is situated in the mid course of the River Araz and within the boundaries of Zengezur and Dereleyez chains of mountains, fringing with the river.
The average altitude of the territory of the Repiblic is up to 400 meters. But the lowland of the Caspian Sea shore is below sea level (currently -26.5 meters) while the highest peak Bazarduzu is 4466 meters in height. Thus, one can see that the difference in altitude equals nearly 4500 meters in the country. Northe part of Major Caucasus is situated in Azerbaijan. Two chins of mountains are distinguished in this part: Head or Watershed chain with Bazarduzu (4466 meters) and Great (Side) chain of mountains with Shahdag alp (4243). Mountains chains go down to 1000-700 meters to the South-East. The mountain chains of Major Caucasus are surrounded by foothill areas: a steppe plateau to the north-west, Qobustan to the south-east, Alazan-Ayrichay plain to the south-west and Qusar sloping plain to the north-east.
The mountains are formed by less exposed to denudation sinking rocks of Cretaceous and Jurassic periods.Foothills are characterized by badlands (Djeyranchol and Adjynour plains) and mud volcanos (Gobustan and Absheron). Qusar lpain and Alazan-Hefteran valley is composed of a thick layer of quateary gravel sediments.
Minor Caucasus surrounds the country in the south-west and west and is composed of a number of chains and plateaus with relatively low height.
Murovdag, Shahdag and Zangezur are the principal chains of Minor Caucasus. Garabagh plateau, extending from the south of Murovdag up to the river Araz, lies on the cones of extinct vulcanos and quateary lava.
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